(一)基本構(gòu)成形式
名詞(代詞) 現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/名詞/介詞短語(yǔ)
1.名詞(代詞) 現(xiàn)在分詞
There being no bus,theyhad to walk home.
2.名詞(代詞) 過(guò)去分詞
She was listening attentively in class, hereyes fixed on the blackboard.
3.名詞(代詞) 不定式
在此結(jié)構(gòu)中,動(dòng)詞不定式和前面的名詞或代詞若存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,動(dòng)詞不定式則用主動(dòng)的形式;若是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,則用被動(dòng)形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even morebeautiful.
4.名詞(代詞) 形容詞
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
5.名詞(代詞) 副詞
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
6.名詞(代詞) 名詞
His first shot failure,he fired again.
7.名詞(代詞)  介詞短語(yǔ)
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house,a vast load of firewood on her back.
(二)with/without引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
with/without 賓語(yǔ)(名詞/代詞) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)通常由名詞或代詞充當(dāng),但代詞一定要用賓格。在with (without)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,多數(shù)情況下with能省略,但without不能省略。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
(三)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般作狀語(yǔ),表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等,可以看成是一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句的省略。
1.作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
The governor pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.
2.作條件狀語(yǔ)
Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
3.作原因狀語(yǔ)
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
4.作伴隨狀語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
(四)注意事項(xiàng)
1.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同,它獨(dú)立存在。名詞或代詞與后面的分詞等邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
2.動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生,動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,動(dòng)詞-ing形式往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
The manager looks worried,many things to settle.
(事情還沒(méi)有處理,而且是由經(jīng)理本人來(lái)處理,用不定式to settle,表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間)
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
(事情已經(jīng)處理好了,用過(guò)去分詞settled表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束)
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行)
3.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語(yǔ)都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語(yǔ)從句。但是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語(yǔ)從句后,它有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),與主句的主語(yǔ)不一致;而分詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語(yǔ)從句后,從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致。
If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.(條件狀語(yǔ)從句)
Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.(獨(dú)立主格)
When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.(現(xiàn)在分詞)