成人英語三級(jí)議論文寫作方法及技巧
41 2017-07-21
(一)先有規(guī)矩,然后才能從心所欲,不逾矩
議論文的寫作,住往從正反兩方面來論述,且都有其約定俗成的議論模式,即從“主題句一正面論述,反面論述一結(jié)論”四大塊去營造文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)(四塊論).例如,某題目要求論述“學(xué)校規(guī)定‘課間學(xué)生只能呆在自己的教室里’對(duì)嗎?”這一話題。如果作者認(rèn)為學(xué)校的規(guī)定不對(duì),他就應(yīng)該在文章第一塊(段)亮出自己的觀點(diǎn):Thereiscurrentlymuchdiscussionaboutwhetherstudentsshouldstayintheirownclassroomsornotduringbreaktimes.PersonallyIbelievethat—。而第二塊應(yīng)該從正面論述“課間不能只呆在自己的教室里”的理由。比如可以說:Iwouldarguethatbreaktimesareouronlyopportunitytochoosewhatwewanttodo.第三塊則從反面觀點(diǎn),即“課間只能呆在自己的教室里”出發(fā),批駁對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)或進(jìn)一步闡述己方觀點(diǎn)。例如可以說:Anotherreasonwhypeoplesaythatstudentshavetostayintheirownclassesatbreaktimesisthatitwouldbedifficulttoorganizedinners.最后一塊(段)則用不同的語言再次強(qiáng)調(diào)已方觀點(diǎn)。乍一看去,議論文“四塊論”仿佛有“八股文”的嫌疑,但“四塊論”符合人的認(rèn)知規(guī)律,所以值得多多模仿和操練。
(二)圍繞中心論述,確保論述的內(nèi)容直接為主題服務(wù)
在上例中,“學(xué)生課間時(shí)不能只呆在自己的教室里”是主題句,論述時(shí)應(yīng)該緊緊圍繞它。有的同學(xué)在寫的時(shí)候先說“學(xué)生若課間被允許到其他班級(jí)活動(dòng),就可以交到更多的朋友”,然后又說“交到更多朋友就可以學(xué)到更多知識(shí)”,“學(xué)到更多知識(shí)就可以為社會(huì)做出更大的貢獻(xiàn)”……這種論述方式貌似環(huán)環(huán)相扣,承前啟后,實(shí)則是中心渙散的流水賬,說到最后,不僅讀者會(huì)一頭霧水,連作者自己都會(huì)忘了自己在說什么。
(三)確立并寫好論點(diǎn),并將其置于每一段的段首整篇文章有整篇文章的中心論點(diǎn),每一段落有每一段落的分論點(diǎn)。選取論點(diǎn)時(shí)要問一問自己:這一論點(diǎn)是否會(huì)讓自己信服?如果—個(gè)論點(diǎn)連自己都說服不了,就要放棄它。段落論點(diǎn)的呈現(xiàn)不能羞羞答答,猶報(bào)琵琶半遮面,也不能深藏不露,讓讀者去總結(jié)和歸納,而必須在文章開篇或段落開頭就亮出來。論點(diǎn)置于篇首或段首,才能綱舉目張,也是確保不跑題的前提。以下兩個(gè)例子中,第一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)松散,群龍無首,令讀者不知所云;而第二個(gè)例子則中心突出,章法嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。
請(qǐng)看:
1.Firstly,itisveryconvenientindailylife.Therearemanyshopsandsupermarketsinacity.IcanbuyeverythingIneedeasilyintheseplaces.WhenIamsick,Icaneasilyseeadoctorinanyclinicorhospital.Transportservicesaregoodinacity.whenIwanttogosomewhere,Icantakeabus,atrainorsomethingelse.Therearealsomanykindsofentertainmentinacity.Publicbuildings(suchaslibraries)andparkscaneasitybefoundinacity,too.
2.First.itisconvenientandfortabletoliveinacity.Tobeginwith,thereisgoodhousinginacity,asallthehousesandflatsarewell-equippedwithgoodfacilitiesandsurroundedbymodernamenitiessuchasplacesofentertainment,publiclibrariesandparks.
而中心句的寫法也有講究。中心句必須能高度概括所在段落的論據(jù),它的關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)該在每—個(gè)論據(jù)中都有重復(fù)或適當(dāng)體現(xiàn)。那種無關(guān)痛癢的敘述或說明性的句子,是不適宜用作中心句的。
例如:
1.Studentsalwaysfeelrelaxedandhappyduringbreaks.(敘述性句子)
2.Breaktimesarescheduledforabout10minutes.(說明性句子)
以下即是論述“學(xué)校規(guī)定課間學(xué)生只能呆在自己的班級(jí)里對(duì)嗎?”的一篇學(xué)生習(xí)作:
Althoughsomepeoplebelievethatstudentsshouldstayintheirownclassroomsduringbreaktimes,Iwouldliketoarguethatweshouldbeallowedtospendbreaktimesinanotherclass.
Themostimportantreasonforbelievingthatisthatmanystudentshavefriendsinotherclasses.Wespendalldayinourownclassroom,andbreaktimesaretheonlytimewehavetospendwithotherfriends.Itcanbeverytedious(令人厭倦的)tohavetospendevenmoretimewiththesamepeople.
Afurtherreasonforallowingstudenttochoosewheretheyspendtheirbreaktimesisthatitwouldstoparguements.Ifstudentsareforcedtospendtimewithclassmateswhoarenotgoodfriends,theycanannoyeachother.Thisleadstoproblemsthathavetobesortedoutbyteachers.
Teachersarguethatweallshouldstayinourownclasses,becauseitistheneasiertoknowwhatisgoingon.Theysaythatitisdifficulttokeeptrackofstudentswhentheyarewalkingroundthecorridors.However,studentscouldbegiventhechancetochooseadifferentclassroomtospendthewholebreaktimein.Thatwouldmeanthattherewouldnotbeanystudentsinthecorridors.
AsIhaveexplained,althoughitmightbealittleeasiertomanagewheneveryonestaysintheirownclassroom,itwouldmakebreaktimeshappierforallstudentsiftheywereallowedtochoosewheretheyspenttheirtime.
這篇范文符合“四塊論”的基本模式,正反論述兼顧,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),中心突出。
(本文來自互聯(lián)網(wǎng),不代表一點(diǎn)資訊的觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng))
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